In many African countries, agriculture still accounts for more than two-thirds of the labour force and it is still often a subsistence activity, sometimes supplemented by a few cash crops. However, monetary income from agricultural activity is often modest; they do not allow farmers to invest in their farms. This results in low yields and insecurity in the event of climate change. The adoption of the principles of agroecology offers real prospects for the development of agriculture while respecting the natural resources and health of the inhabitants. The transition to agroecology is, particularly, through access to quality farmer seeds. Currently, worldwide, seeds supplied by multinational companies are the ones mostly used by farmers. In Africa, this is not the case: most African farmers still use the so-called farmer seeds. The aim of this publication is to present the farmer seeds, their features and the issues related to their use in Africa, including through selected case studies of good practices.